The And Tenets Of Life Course Criminology - 1587 Words

Paper Proposal The societal problem of delinquency is a seemingly unsolvable issue that has persisted since the Industrial Revolution (Bell, 2015). As a result of this perceived surplus of young people who commit antisocial behaviour, academics have attempted to not only solve delinquency, but identify the factors that contribute to it. The life-course perspective was adopted as one way to understand and explain this complex issue. Life-course criminology (often referred to as DLC) emerged from this perspective as a way to help explain age in relation to crime. The purpose of this proposal is to highlight the key areas of life-course criminology and outline how they reveal the value of the theory for research purposes. These key areas of interest are the genesis and tenets of life-course criminology, its key contributors and critics, and how both of these parties have affected the current state of the theory today. The life-course approach is a broad theory that has been adapted by many other fields of the social sciences and behavioural sciences such as social history, developmental psychology, and gerontology (Elder, 1994). Life-course criminology focuses on three main issues: how offending and antisocial behaviour develops, the risk factors at various ages, and how life events shape development (Farrington, 2003). One of the greatest attributes of life-course theory is in its duality. It can be applied on a macro-level scale to provide insight into specific groups ofShow MoreRelatedCriminology: The Evolution of Crime Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology has evolved over history into becoming a discipline all its own, along the way it grew and developed from a multiple sources of disciplines to become an integration of various theories. Reasons that seek to explain crime and deviant behaviors has mirrored the time in which research was being conducted and as time continues to change i t is to be expected more theories will arise to incorporate past theories to become ever more inclusive. It is important to understand this development fromRead MoreEthics, Midwifery And Social Work1214 Words   |  5 PagesConflict arises in many different aspects of one’s life, especially when working with your coworkers to people outside of your field of work. Throughout the semester as group members, we came from all sorts of different backgrounds, within our field of study. We had criminology, politics and governance, midwifery and social work students, all combined into a group that had to focuses on creating a conflict and coming out with a resolution at the end of the set battle. By coming from several fieldsRead MoreProblems and Issues in Implementing of Ra 9344 of Isabela9768 Words   |  40 Pagesgratification. More over children who act against the law. Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers. There are a multitude of different theories on the causes of crime Criminology Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in society... most if not all of which can be applied to the causes of youth crime. Youth crime is a major issue and is an aspectRead MoreMy Personal Journey On Social Work8705 Words   |  35 Pageswas eight years old, so I hope that by me helping people socially, rather than medically like she did, will continue her legacy. I decided to obtain my Bachelor of Arts degree at Saint Mary’s University in Halifax, N.S. where I double majored in Criminology and Sociology and minored in Psychology. Once I graduated, I still did not know what career path was right for me, so I took a year off. In the meantime, I applied to three Schools of Social Work: Dalhousie University in Halifax, N.S., St. ThomasRead MoreUnderstanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Essay5342 Words   |  22 Pageschallenging and time consuming to address. Conflicts occur when people (or other parties) perceive that, as a consequence of a disagreement, there is  a threat to their needs, interests or concerns. Although conflict is a normal part of organization life, providing numerous opportunities for growth through improved understanding and insight, there is a tendency to view conflict as a negative experience caused by abnormally difficult circumstances. Disputants tend to perceive limited options and finite

The CSI Effect Essay - 1905 Words

In 2006, over 100 million people in the United States tuned in to watch either CSI or any if the other forensic and criminal investigation related television show each week (CJSG). Since then, the number of viewers has increased rapidly, as well as the amount of television shows with the same type of theme. As a result of the increase of these television programs, researchers are discovering a new phenomenon called the ‘CSI Effect’ that seems to be fueling an interest in forensic science and criminal investigations nationwide. This effect is actually the ability of criminal justice themed television shows to influence and increase victims’, jurors’ and criminals’ ideas about forensics, DNA testing and methods, and criminal investigations†¦show more content†¦In the past, the jury learned from the forensic scientists’ testimony; but now, they’re learning from television and a lot of reality shows. Consequently, what they’ re learning is not necessarily what is actually done (Honeycutt). However, those jurors who watch criminal investigation television shows do believe that what they’re seeing on TV is what does go on in real life and they expect to see it in court. This is because, according to Shelton, â€Å"the more frequently jurors watched a given program, the more accurate they perceived it to be.† Unfortunately, these shows also create a false expectation that clear and definite evidence can be shown for any case, which is not true. Jurors expect every case to have thorough scientific evidence from the best and most modern technology and to look exactly as it does on a television show (Shelton). Radford said, â€Å"Science does not operate on certainties.† During an investigation, scientists don’t ever say that the DNA being tested is a â€Å"match† to the suspect because nothing can ever be a definite match. Instead, their vocabulary consists of phrases such asShow MoreRelatedCsi Effect Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesCSI Effect Abstract Crime in America is increasing rapidly and many techniques have been created over the years in order to solve major crimes. Forensics science is one of the many techniques that have been created. Forensics is the use of science and technology to investigate and establish facts in criminal courts of law (free-dictionary, n.d). But there is an upcoming issue which involves the exaggerated details of forensics science. This paper explores the CSI Effect, compares and contrastsRead MoreThe Csi Effect On The Minds Of Jurors909 Words   |  4 Pages The CSI Effect is becoming to take it’s place in courtrooms and the prosecutors aren t liking it. Prosecutors are feeling there is no hope for getting a conviction when it’s come to the CSI Effect because they believe that it has control over the juror’s applying justice to criminal. The CSI Effect is being criticized for not allowing prosecutors a fair chance at a conviction in a jury trial for the belief that Jurors are influenced by what they see on T.V shows and how they believe that theRead MoreThe CSI Effect and its Implications in Forensic Science Essay1769 Words   |  8 Pagesknown as the CSI effect, or the process through which devoted fans of popular crime dramas develop unrealistic notions of forensic science methods, practices, and their applications in real life cases (Mancini 544; Stevens 37; Ley, Jankowski, and Brewer 52). The CSI effect has had more negative impacts on forensic science and society than positive impacts, especially in regards to what goes on in the minds of jurors who frequently watch television programs about crime. Studying the CSI effect also leadsRead MorePresentation At The 2010 Cooley Law School Symposium On The Csi Effect1113 Words   |  5 Pagespresentation at the 2010 Cooley Law School Symposium on the CSI Effect. It reviews the results of two empirical studies of Michigan jurors in various jurisdictions, which previously concluded that the prosecutor version of the so-called CSI effect cannot be substantiated empirically. The article then describes merged data from the two studies and the analysis of that merged data. The data supports the earlier suggestion of a tech effect based on cultural changes, rather than any direct impactRead MoreThe Csi Effect1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the things that take place on these shows are real. There is Law in Order SVU, 24, Bones and our favorite CSI that make people think that countless cases are open and close do to outrageous finding of DA traces. Th e CSI Effect is a theory that criminals are getting smarter. These shows give out numerous tactics on how many cases are cracked and suspects are arrested. The CSI Effect also results in various hang juries and miss trials due to lack of evidence. The jury is starting to need moreRead MoreCsi Effect1164 Words   |  5 Pagesorder to accurately depict how the CSI Effect strongly influences our society’s view on crime and courtroom proceedings, I will be comparing different CSI episodes to those methods and theories which apply. Throughout the paper, I will be explaining how CSI has shaped peoples’ minds in believing false claims and investigation beliefs. Watching and comparing episodes of CSI to the CSI Effect will be a prime reference in explaining how the media is placing a spin on CSI television shows. According toRead MoreForensic Science And The Scientific Examination Of Evidence1644 Words   |  7 Pagesunique details. In the article The Real CSI from Frontline talks about the technology and science behind examining bite marks is not reliable. Bite marks is similar to fingerprinting analysis, the assumption behind bite marks is that dental characteristics is unique, therefore the technology used to identify bite marks is scrutinized even though bite marks can change over time and be distorted due to factors like swelling and healing (Frontline, The Real CSI). In the NOVA episode â€Å"Forensics On Trial†Read MoreCsi Miami vs Csi Real Life1051 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment I chose Double Jeopardy from CSI Miami, season four episode eighteen. In this episode a husband is found innocent of his wifes murder just as her missing body is being pulled from the ocean by a fisherman. March 26 Mr. Rowe discovered his wife’s racial status and she disappeared on October 5th but the husband waited 3 days to report her death. During this time he practiced killing Terisa Matherdy. Losing four twe nty lb weight set in the process. The CSI team must try to find new evidenceRead MoreThe Csi Effect On Crime1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe CSI Effect Introduction Have you ever watched a crime scene drama on television and now believe you are a forensic science expert? This is what you call the â€Å"Crime Scene Investigation Effect (CSI)†. It came into light in the early 2000’s. In 2008, Monica Robbers, an American criminologist, defined the CSI Effect as, â€Å"the phenomenon in which jurors hold unrealistic expectations of forensic evidence and investigation techniques, and have an increased interest in the discipline of forensic science†Read MoreForensic Science in the 21st Century1765 Words   |  8 Pagesinto forensic science’s contributions to policing and criminal investigations, court processes, and security efforts. Also it explores the media’s representation of forensic science, influence on popular opinion for justice-related issues, and â€Å"CSI† effect on the judicial process. Forensic Science Contributions to Policing and Criminal Investigations The geneses of criminalistics or forensic science are mainly European. Forensic science is an amalgamation of various disciplines, such as

The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 31 Free Essays

string(41) " he did give a wolf whistle, not at Mrs\." â€Å"I’m feeling much better,† Elena told Dr. Meggar. â€Å"I’d like to take a walk around the estate. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 31 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † She tried not to bounce up and down on the bed. â€Å"I’ve been eating steak and drinking milk and I even took that vile cod liver oil you sent. Also I have a very firm grasp of reality: I’m here to rescue Stefan and the little boy inside Damon is a metaphor for his unconscious, which the blood we shared allowed me to ‘see.'† She bounced once, but covered it by reaching for a glass of water. â€Å"I feel like a happy puppy pulling at the leash.† She exhibited her newly designed slave bracelets: silver with lapis lazuli inserts in fluid designs. â€Å"If I die suddenly, I am prepared.† Dr. Meggar’s eyebrows worked up and down. â€Å"Well, I can’t find anything wrong with your pulse or your breathing. I don’t see how a nice afternoon walk can hurt you. Damon’s certainly up and walking. But don’t you go giving Lady Ulma any ideas. She still needs months of bed rest.† â€Å"She has a nice little desk made from a breakfast tray,† Bonnie explained, gesturing to show size and width. â€Å"She designs clothes on that.† Bonnie leaned forward, wide-eyed. â€Å"And you know what? Her dresses are magic.† â€Å"I wouldn’t expect anything less,† grunted Dr. Meggar. But the next moment Elena remembered something unpleasant. â€Å"Even when we get the keys,† she said, â€Å"we have to plot the actual jailbreak.† â€Å"What’s a jailbreak?† Lakshmi asked excitedly. â€Å"It’s like this – we’ve got the keys to Stefan’s cell, but we still need to figure out how we’re going to get into the prison, and how we’re going to smuggle him out.† Lakshmi frowned. â€Å"Why not just go in with the line and take him out the gate?† â€Å"Because,† Elena said, trying for patience, â€Å"they won’t let us just walk in and get him.† She narrowed her eyes as Lakshmi put her head in her hands. â€Å"What’re you thinking, Lakshmi?† â€Å"Well, first you say that you’re going to have the key in your hand when you go to the prison, then you act like they’re not going to let him out of the prison.† Meredith shook her head, bewildered. Bonnie put a hand to her forehead as if it ached. But Elena slowly leaned forward. â€Å"Lakshmi,† she said, very quietly, â€Å"are you saying that if we have a key to Stefan’s cell it’s basically a pass in and out of prison?† Lakshmi brightened up. â€Å"Of course!† she said. â€Å"Otherwise, what would a key be good for? They could just lock him in another cell.† Elena could hardly believe the wonder of what she had just heard, so she immediately began trying to poke holes in it. â€Å"That would mean we could go straight from Bloddeuwedd’s party to the prison and just take Stefan out,† she said with as much sarcasm as she could inject into her voice. â€Å"We could just show our key and they’d let us take him away.† Lakshmi nodded eagerly. â€Å"Yes!† she said joyfully, the sarcasm having gone right over her head. â€Å"And, don’t be mad, okay? But I wondered why you never went to visit him.† â€Å"We can visit him?† â€Å"Sure, if you make an appointment.† By now Meredith and Bonnie had come to life and were supporting Elena on either side. â€Å"How soon can we send someone to make an appointment?† Elena said through her teeth, because it was taking all her effort to speak – her entire weight was resting on her two friends. â€Å"Who can we send to make an appointment?† she whispered. â€Å"I’ll go,† Damon said from the crimson darkness behind them. â€Å"I’ll go tonight – give me five minutes.† Matt could feel that he had on his most cross and stubborn expression. â€Å"C’mon,† Tyrone said, looking amused. They were both gearing up for a trip into the thicket. This meant putting on two of the mothball-clove-recipe coats each and then using duct tape to fasten the gloves to the coats. Matt was sweating already. But Tyrone was a good guy, he thought. Here Matt had come out of nowhere and said, â€Å"Hey, you know that bizarre thing you saw with poor Jim Bryce last week? Well, it’s all connected to something even more bizarre – all about fox spirits and the Old Wood, and Mrs. Flowers says that if we don’t figure out what’s going on, we’re going to be in real trouble. And Mrs. Flowers isn’t just a batty old lady at the boardinghouse, even though everybody says so.† â€Å"Of course she isn’t,† Dr. Alpert’s brusque voice had said from the doorway. She put down her black bag – still a country doctor, even when the town was in crisis – and addressed her son. â€Å"Theophilia Flowers and I have known each other a long time – and Mrs. Saitou, too. They were both always helping people. That’s their nature.† â€Å"Well – † Matt had seen an opportunity and jumped at it. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers is the one who needs help now. Really, really needs help.† â€Å"Then what’re you sitting there for, Tyrone? Hurry up and go help Mrs. Flowers.† Dr. Alpert had ruffled her own iron-gray hair with her fingers, then ruffled her son’s black hair fondly. â€Å"I was, Mom. We were just leaving when you came in.† Tyrone, seeing Matt’s grim horror-story of a car, had politely offered to drive them to Mrs. Flowers’s house in his Camry. Matt, afraid of a terminal blowout at some crucial moment, was only too happy to accept. He was glad that Tyrone would be the lynchpin of the Robert E. Lee High football team in the coming year. Ty was the kind of guy you could count on – as witness his immediate offer of help today. He was a good sport, and absolutely straight and clean. Matt couldn’t help but see how drugs and drinking had ruined not only the actual games, but the sportsmanship of the other teams on campus. Tyrone was also a guy who could keep his mouth shut. He hadn’t even peppered Matt with questions as they drove back to the boardinghouse, but he did give a wolf whistle, not at Mrs. You read "The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 31" in category "Essay examples" Flowers, but at the bright yellow Model T she was driving into the old stables. â€Å"Whoa!† he said, jumping out to help her with a grocery bag, while his eyes drank in the Model T from fender to fender. â€Å"That’s a Model T Fordor Sedan! This could be one beautiful car if – † He stopped abruptly and his brown skin burned with a sunset glow. â€Å"Oh, my, don’t be embarrassed about the Yellow Carriage!† Mrs. Flowers said, allowing Matt to take another bag of groceries back through the kitchen garden and into the kitchen of the house. â€Å"She’s served this family for nearly a hundred years, and she’s accumulated some rust and damage. But she goes almost thirty miles an hour on paved roads!† Mrs. Flowers added, speaking not only proudly, but with the somewhat awed respect owed to high-speed travel. Matt’s eyes met Tyrone’s and Matt knew there was only one shared thought hanging in the air between them. To restore to perfection the dilapidated, worn, but still beautiful car that spent most of its time in a converted stable. â€Å"We could do it,† Matt said, feeling that, as Mrs. Flowers’s representative, he should make the offer first. â€Å"We sure could,† Tyrone said dreamily. â€Å"She’s already in a double garage – no problems about room.† â€Å"We wouldn’t have to strip her down to the frame†¦she really rides like a dream.† â€Å"You’re kidding! We could clean the engine, though: have a look at the plugs and belts and hoses and stuff. And† – dark eyes gleaming suddenly – â€Å"my dad has a power sander. We could strip the paint and repaint it the exact same yellow!† Mrs. Flowers suddenly beamed. â€Å"That was what dear Mama was waiting for you to say, young man,† she said, and Matt remembered his manners long enough to introduce Tyrone. â€Å"Now, if you had said, ‘We’ll paint her burgundy’ or ‘blue’ or any other color, I’m sure she would have objected,† Mrs. Flowers said as she began to make ham sandwiches, potato salad, and a large kettle of baked beans. Matt watched Tyrone’s reaction to the mention of â€Å"Mama† and was pleased: there was an instant of surprise, followed by an expression like calm water. His mother had said Mrs. Flowers wasn’t a batty old lady: therefore she wasn’t a batty old lady. A huge weight seemed to roll off Matt’s shoulders. He wasn’t alone with a fragile elderly woman to protect. He had a friend who was actually a little bigger than he was to rely on. â€Å"Now both of you, have a ham sandwich, and I’ll make the potato salad while you’re eating. I know that young men† – Mrs. Flowers always spoke of men as if they were a special kind of flower – â€Å"need lots of good hearty meat before going into battle, but there’s no reason to be formal. Let’s just dig right in as things are done.† They had happily obeyed. Now they were preparing for battle, feeling ready to fight tigers, since Mrs. Flowers’s idea of dessert was a pecan pie split between the boys, along with huge cups of coffee that cleared the brain like a power sander. Tyrone and Matt drove Matt’s junker to the cemetery, followed by Mrs. Flowers in the Model T. Matt had seen what the trees could do to cars and he wasn’t going to subject Tyrone’s whistle-clean Camry to the prospect. They walked down the hill to Matt and Sergeant Mossberg’s hide, each of the boys giving a hand to help the frail Mrs. Flowers over rough bits. Once, she tripped and would have fallen, but Tyrone dug the toes of his DC shoes into the hill and stood like a mountain as she tumbled against him. â€Å"Oh, my – thank you, Tyrone dear,† she murmured and Matt knew that â€Å"Tyrone dear† had been accepted into the fold. The sky was dark except for one streak of scarlet as they reached the hide. Mrs. Flowers took out the sheriff’s badge, rather clumsily, due to the gardening gloves she was wearing. First she held it to her forehead, then she slowly drew it away, still holding it in front of her at eye-level. â€Å"He stood here and then he bent down and squatted here,† she said, getting down in what was – in fact – the correct side of the hide. Matt nodded, hardly knowing what he was doing, and Mrs. Flowers said without opening her eyes, â€Å"No coaching, Matt dear. He heard someone behind him – and whirled, drawing his gun. But it was only Matt, and they spoke in whispers for a while. â€Å"Then he suddenly stood up.† Mrs. Flowers stood suddenly and Matt heard all sorts of alarming little pops and crackles in her delicate old body. â€Å"He went walking – striding – down into that thicket. That evil thicket.† She set off for the thicket as Sheriff Rich Mossberg had when Matt had watched him. Matt and Tyrone went hurrying after her, ready to stop her if she showed any signs of entering the remnant of Old Wood that still lived. Instead, she walked around it, with the badge held to eye height. Tyrone and Matt nodded at each other and without speaking, each took one of her arms. This way they skirted the edge of the thicket, all the way around, with Matt going first, Mrs. Flowers next, and Tyrone last. At some point Matt realized that tears were making their way down Mrs. Flowers’s withered cheeks. At last, the fragile old woman stopped, took out a lacy handkerchief – after one or two tries – and wiped her eyes with a gasp. â€Å"Did you find him?† Matt asked, unable to hold in his curiosity any longer. â€Å"Well – we’ll have to see. Kitsune seem to be very, very good at illusions. Everything I saw could have been an illusion. But† – she heaved a sigh – â€Å"one of us is going to have to step into the Wood.† Matt gulped. â€Å"That’ll be me, then – â€Å" He was interrupted. â€Å"Hey, no way, man. You know their ops, whatever they are. You’ve got to get Mrs. Flowers out of this – â€Å" â€Å"No, I can’t risk just asking you to come over here and get hurt – â€Å" â€Å"Well, what am I doing out here, then?† Tyrone demanded. â€Å"Wait, my dears,† Mrs. Flowers said, sounding as if she were about to cry. The boys shut up immediately, and Matt felt ashamed of himself. â€Å"I know a way that you both can help me, but it’s very dangerous. Dangerous for the two of you. But perhaps if we only have to do it once, we can cut the risk of danger and increase our chance of finding something.† â€Å"What is it?† Tyrone and Matt said almost simultaneously. A few minutes later, they were prepped for it. They were lying side by side, facing the wall formed by the tall trees and tangled underbrush of the thicket. They were not only roped together, but they had Mrs. Saitou’s Post-it notes placed all over their arms. â€Å"Now when I say ‘three’ I want you both to reach in and grab at the ground with your hands. If you feel something, keep hold of it and pull your arm out. If you don’t feel anything, move your hand a little and then pull it out as fast as you can. And by the way,† she added calmly, â€Å"if you feel anything trying to pull you in or immobilize your arm, yell and fight and kick and scream, and we’ll help you to get out.† There was a long, long minute of silence. â€Å"So basically, you think there are things all around on the ground in the thicket, and that we might get hold of them just by reaching in blindly,† Matt said. â€Å"Yes,† Mrs. Flowers said. â€Å"All right,† said Tyrone, and once again Matt glanced at him approvingly. He hadn’t even asked â€Å"What kind of things could pull us into the Wood?† Now they were in position and Mrs. Flowers was counting â€Å"One, two, three,† and then Matt had thrust his right arm in as far as it would go and was sweeping his arm while groping. He heard a shout from beside him. â€Å"Got it!† And then instantly: â€Å"Something’s pulling me in!† Matt pulled his own arm out of the thicket before trying to help Tyrone. Something dropped down on it, but it hit a Post-it note and it felt as if he’d been whacked by a piece of a Styrofoam. Tyrone was thrashing wildly and had already been dragged in to his shoulders. Matt grabbed him by the waist and used all his strength to haul backward. There was a moment of resistance – and then Tyrone came popping out as if suddenly released like a cork. There were scratches on his face and neck, but none where the overcoats had covered him or where the Post-it notes were. Matt felt a desire to say â€Å"Thank you,† but the two women who had made him amulets were far away, and he felt stupid saying it to Tyrone’s coat. In any case, Mrs. Flowers was fluttering and thanking people enough for three. â€Å"Oh, my, Matt, when that big branch came down I thought your arm would be broken – at least. Thank the dear Lord that the Saitou women make such excellent amulets. And, Tyrone dear, please take a swig out of this canteen – â€Å" â€Å"Uh, I don’t really drink much – â€Å" â€Å"It’s just hot lemonade, my own recipe, dear. If it weren’t for both you boys, we wouldn’t have succeeded. Tyrone, you found something, yes? And then you were caught and would never have been released if Matt hadn’t been here to save you.† â€Å"Oh, I’m sure he’d’ve got out,† Matt said hurriedly, because it must be embarrassing for anybody like The Tyreminator to admit they needed help. Tyrone, however, just said soberly, â€Å"I know. Thanks, Matt.† Matt felt himself blush. â€Å"But I didn’t get anything after all,† Tyrone said disgustedly. â€Å"It felt like a piece of old pipe or something – â€Å" â€Å"Well, let’s have a look,† Mrs. Flowers said very seriously. She turned the strongest flashlight on the object Tyrone had risked so much to bring out of the thicket. At first Matt thought it was a gigantic rawhide dog bone. But then an all-too-familiar shape made him look closer. It was a femur, a human femur. The biggest bone in the body, the one from the leg. And it was still white. Fresh. â€Å"It doesn’t seem to be plastic,† Mrs. Flowers said in a voice that seemed very far away. It wasn’t plastic. Matt could see where little tiny bits had curled up and away from the exterior. It wasn’t rawhide, either. It was†¦well, real. A real human leg bone. But that wasn’t the most horrifying thing; the thing that sent Matt spiraling out into darkness. The bone was polished clean and marked with the imprints of dozens of tiny little teeth. How to cite The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 31, Essay examples

Problems Facing Clinicians In Australia Rural Acute

Question: Discuss about theProblems Facing Clinicians In Australia Rural Acute. Answer: The Issue In Australia, the majority of the minority healthcare experts work in communities that are relatively distance from the major cities and consequently, these healthcare professionals have limited access to specialist services. Research shows that the rural clinical practice is often significantly different from that practiced by the metropolitan clinicians since it needs greater diversity of knowledge and skills in a setting where there are minimal support frameworks as well as limited resources (Lea et al. 2008; Baernholdt Mark 2009). In general, it is often difficult to define rurality (Muula 2007). Nonetheless, scholars agree that rurality is a reflection of smaller populations that are distant and isolated from a countrys major urban areas or cities with a corresponding limited access to diverse services and infrastructure. Incidentally, Jackson and Daly (2004) observe that in the rural context, acute care can be described as a health care level where a patient may receive treatm ent for various acute health conditions, including disease, surgery, disease, trauma, and disease. In the Australian setting, this type of health care provision is traditionally provided in multi-purpose services, district health services, and referral hospitals where a patient is given care services from a diverse nursing, medical and related health professionals. Subsequently, it is agreed that the rural health context is demographically, sociologically, and geographically different to the metropolitan health context (Wakerman 2008; Phillips 2009). Wakerman (2008) and Grobler et al. (2015) explicate that from a critical perspective, there is significant inequity in the provision of health care services in the rural setting when compared to the metropolitan settings. For example, studies show that the mortality and morbidity rates for the remote and rural populations of Australia are significantly higher than those of their metropolitan populations (Armstrong et al. 2007). The researchers attribute this situation to the poor availability of diverse health services as well as insufficient number of healthcare experts in the rural setting. In comparison to the metropolitan clinicians, the rural health experts, especially nurses and doctors, require a wide range of clinical skills in order to function in a more effective manner (Rosenthal, Zaslav sky Newhouse 2005; Murray Wronski 2006; Montour et al. 2009). Ideally, the implication of this observation is that the rural-based clinicians need to perform their duties as generalists as opposed to specialists. Consequently, there is a significant pressure on the rural clinicians to formulate and adopt an increased practice scope to address the diverse health care needs of their patients in the rural areas (Roberge 2012). The particular challenges that clinicians encounter in the rural health care service setting include: limited access to opportunities that can help them to develop their profession; lack of peer and supervision support; and lack of access to specialist practice exposure (Alexander Fraser 2001; Hegney et al. 2002; Charles, Ward Lopez 2005). Moreover, multiple studies indicate that access to career development is a significant problem that the rural clinicians are confronting (Lea Cruickshank 2005; Rosenthal et al. 2005). On the other hand, studies have also established that there is a strong correlation between job satisfaction and access to professional development opportunities. In this context, the major reasons that influence clinicians to leave the rural setting is because they lack reasonable, if any, access to the relevant continuing education as well as professional isolation (Hegney et al. 2002; Charles et al. 2005). Fundamentally, the inadequate access to mentoring and formal education increases the risk of new graduates feelings professionally isolated and are less likely to continue working in the rural health service sector (Mills et al. 2005; Mills et al. 2007). In the recent years, various empirical pieces of evidence suggest that the different generations at the workplace have distinct attitudes towards work (Wilson et al. 2008). The researchers observe that in most instances, the new graduates that enter the practice profession prefer to work in large and adequately-resourced health care facilities because it provides them with the necessary opportunities to develop their knowledge and skills in specialized practice, as opposed to the rural health care facility where they are compelled by circumstances to play a generalist role. In a nutshell, the clinicians in the rural acute care environment face a broad range of challenges that require immediate attention if the rural health care system in Australia is to be sustained. In this paper, a fictitious case study referred to as Wadula Puzzling Cube: Solutions to the Problems facing Clinicians in Australias Rural Acute Care Environment, is explored with an objective of proposing the solutions to the challenges facing the clinicians that are working in Australias rural health care sector. Puzzling the Issue Mary, a cardiac rehabilitation nurse expert in Mungallala, is not satisfied with her job at the local dispensary. On this occasion, shortly after leaving work in the evening, Mary is out for coffee with two of her colleagues, Tim and Grace, at the Mungallala restaurant. She sips her coffee, and then looks at both Tim and Grace, who are seated on the opposite side of the table. I am thinking of resigning from my work and finding a job in Melbourne. For about half a minute, Tim and Grace stare at Mary in disbelief, unable to reconcile with what they have just heard. What!, the two say in unison. Before Grace could speak, Tim asks Why are you thinking of quitting. You just started work six months ago! Mary takes another sip of her coffee, looks straight into Tims eyes, and replies. When I was hired at the dispensary, I saw the job as a great opportunity for me to develop my career. In fact, on the day that I received my appointment letter, I was extremely excited that my journey into be coming one of the best cardiac rehabilitation nurse expert had just begun. Mary pauses, sips her coffee, and continues, The dispensary does not provide me with an opportunity to develop my speciality. Instead, we are understaffed and I am forced to perform the general nursing roles instead of focusing on my field of speciality. Grace nods her head in agreement, and adds, I too have felt the same way since I started work here four years ago. However, due to the difficulty involved in getting a job in a large hospital like those referral hospitals in Melbourne, I have had to stay. Tim joins and says, I thought I was the only feeling the same way for the last two years. It seems we share that feeling. In my view, instead of us considering resigning from work and going to the metropolis to look for a job, we should find solutions to our problems. The community here needs us. Grace then asks, How can we compel the administration of the dispensary to support us to develop our profession? Tim jumped to answer, we can boycott work, picket, or demonstrate to the management. What do you guys think? Neither Mary nor Grace seems to agree to any of those suggestions. The three agree to meet the following day to discuss the way forward. Later that night, Mary talks to her elder, John, about the earlier discussion she had with both Tim and Grace. More importantly, she tells John about the important question that Grace introduced in the course of their discussion, which is, how can we compel the administration of the dispensary to support us to develop our profession? John reminds Mary about the importance of them not jumping into solutions about their problem. Rather, John encourages Mary and her colleagues to consider exploring the issue with a sense of curiosity as opposed to coming up with solutions, and reminded Mary of the significance of Why? rather than Why dont you? questions, which incidentally focus on establishing an understanding (Teare Prestoungrange 2004). In this regard, John advices Mary and her colleagues to consider restating their issue as a puzzle statement, for example, how can we work more effectively in order to impress the dispensarys administration, and in turn, support our access to profess ional development? John explains to Mary that the framing of the question in this manner will enable them to clarify their puzzle (how can we), and also provide them with a purpose for engaging in puzzling (in order to) (Walsh et al. 2008). Subsequently, John requests Mary and her colleagues to apply the Positive Unconditional Generative Question (PUGQ) test to the puzzle statement how can we work more effectively in order to impress the dispensarys administration, and in turn, support our access to professional development? (Cooperrider,Whitney Stavros 2008). Ideally, John explains to Mary that the importance of developing the puzzle statement using the approach his proposed approach was to ensure that it is stated positively so that there would be no implied criticism of her and her colleagues. Therefore, the puzzle statement would help Mary and her colleagues to develop a direction towards achieving a positive change with themselves as well as the dispensary (Cooperrider Sekerka 2003). Nonetheless, John explains to Mary that the next step that they should undertake as colleagues is to determine if their puzzle question sounded unconditional. Once they have established whether it is unconditional or otherwise, the n ext phase was to determine if was generative, in other words, does it have a solution from within or is it open to several possible questions. Overall, after a few refining to the puzzle question, the final phase is to come up with a puzzle statement (Walsh et al. 2008), which in this case should be, how can we best provide patients with customized health care to support in order to achieve high satisfaction, thereby stimulating the dispensary management to support the professional development of its employees. The Action Plan Overall, the final puzzle statement offers Mary and her colleagues the possible solutions to their problem: Formulate and implement patient tailored care to improve care output. Search and identify the organizations that offer distant learning programs and use their off-time to engage in career development. Request the dispensarys administration to facilitate employee mentorship programs in the health care facility. Reference Alexander, C. and Fraser, J., 2001. Medical specialists servicing the New England health area of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 9(1), pp.34-37. Armstrong, B.K., Gillespie, J.A., Leeder, S.R., Rubin, G.L. and Russell, L.M., 2007. Challenges in health and health care for Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(9), p.485. Baernholdt, M. and Mark, B.A., 2009. The nurse work environment, job satisfaction and turnover rates in rural and urban nursing units. Journal of nursing management, 17(8), pp.994-1001. Charles, D.M., Ward, A.M. and Lopez, D.G., 2005. Experiences of female general practice registrars: are rural attachments encouraging them to stay?. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 13(6), pp.331-336. Cooperrider D, Sekerka L. 2003. Towards a theory of positive organisational change. In: Cameron K, Dutton J, Quinn R (eds). Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline. San Francisco, CA,USA: Berrett-Koehler, 225240. Cooperrider, D., Whitney, D.D. and Stavros, J.M., 2008. The appreciative inquiry handbook: For leaders of change. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Grobler, L., Marais, B.J. and Mabunda, S., 2015. Interventions for increasing the proportion of health professionals practising in rural and other underserved areas. The Cochrane Library. Hegney, D., McCarthy, A., Rogers-Clark, C. and Gorman, D., 2002. Why nurses are resigning from rural and remote Queensland health facilities. Collegian, 9(2), pp.33-39. Jackson, D. and Daly, J., 2004. Current challenges and issues facing nursing in Australia. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17(4), pp.352-355. Kulig, J.C., Andrews, M.E., Stewart, N.L., Pitblado, R., MacLeod, M.L., Bentham, D., D'Arcy, C., Morgan, D., Forbes, D., Remus, G. and Smith, B., 2008. How do registered nurses define rurality?. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 16(1), pp.28-32. Lea, J. and Cruickshank, M., 2005. Factors that influence the recruitment and retention of graduate nurses in rural health care facilities. Collegian, 12(2), pp.22-27. Lea, J., Cruickshank, M., Paliadelis, P., Parmenter, G., Sanderson, H. and Thornberry, P., 2008. The lure of the bush: Do rural placements influence student nurses to seek employment in rural settings?. Collegian, 15(2), pp.77-82. Mills, J., Francis, K. and Bonner, A., 2007. The accidental mentor: Australian rural nurses developing supportive relationships in the workplace. Rural and Remote Health, 7(4), p.842. Mills, J.E., Francis, K.L. and Bonner, A., 2005. Mentoring, clinical supervision and preceptoring: clarifying the conceptual definitions for Australian rural nurses. A review of the literature. Rural and Remote Health, 5(3), p.410. Montour, A., Baumann, A., Blythe, J. and Hunsberger, M., 2009. The changing nature of nursing work in rural and small community hospitals. Rural and Remote Health, 9(1089), pp.1-13. Murray, R.B. and Wronski, I., 2006. When the tide goes out: health workforce in rural, remote and Indigenous communities. Medical Journal of Australia, 185(1), p.37. Muula, A., 2007. How do we define'rurality'in the teaching on medical demography. Rural Remote Health, 7(1), pp.653-653. Phillips, A., 2009. Health status differentials across rural and remote Australia. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 17(1), pp.2-9. Roberge, C.M., 2012. Who stays in rural nursing practice? An international review of the literature on factors influencing rural nurse retention. Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care, 9(1), pp.82-93. Rosenthal, M.B., Zaslavsky, A. and Newhouse, J.P., 2005. The geographic distribution of physicians revisited. Health Services Research, 40(6p1), pp.1931-1952. Teare, R. and Prestoungrange, G., 2004. Accrediting Managers at Work in the 21st Century. Prestonpans, Scotland: Prestoungrange University Press. Wakerman, J., 2008. Rural and remote public health in Australia: building on our strengths. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 16(2), pp.52-55. Walsh, K., Moss, C., Lawless, J., McKelvie, R. and Duncan, L., 2008. Puzzling practice: A strategy for working with clinical practice issues. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 14(2), pp.94-100. Wilson, B., Squires, M.A.E., Widger, K., Cranley, L. and Tourangeau, A.N.N., 2008. Job satisfaction among a multigenerational nursing workforce. Journal of nursing management, 16(6), pp.716-723.

Obama for President an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Obama for President It is certain that Barack Obama would make the best United States president. All his plans on matters of national security, foreign policy, economy, trade, health care, crime, climate, education signifies that he is ready and able to lead a country that demands new leadership. Obamas political propaganda, eloquent speeches, massive campaigns and various supporters manifest that he would make it to the presidency. This position will be supported by arguments. First, on account of his stand on national security and foreign affairs issue, Obama is a champion. It was Felsen (2007) who wrote that: Need essay sample on "Obama for President" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Obama said that the war in Iraq and President Bush's failed foreign policy had made us less safe than we were before 9/11 attack, and outlined a new, comprehensive strategy to fight global terrorism. Obama declared that by refusing to end the war in Iraq, Bush had given it permission for a United States occupation of unknown length, at undetermined cost, with unknown consequences. (1) Definitely, Obama meant that he would like to decide for a war that has to be won including the implementation of comprehensive strategy involving five elements. Felsen outlined these five elements and these include getting out of Iraq and on to the correct battlefield in Afghanistan and Pakistan; developing the capabilities and partnerships we need to take out the terrorists and the world's most deadly weapons; engaging the world to dry up support for terror and extremism; restoring our values; and securing a more versatile place to live (Felsen 1). In support of this argument, many leading foreign policy experts commented that Obama has presented a thoughtful, substantive and comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy (Felsen 1). Indeed, it could contribute to the increasing debates concerning national security and foreign policy issue. Felsen also quoted Major General Scott Grations comment that Senator Obama's counter-terrorism strategy intends that he is committed to developing the capabilities needed to defeat terrorists on the field of battle, and that he has the heart to defeat the terrorists in the debate of ideas (Felsen). On the issu e of national security and foreign affairs, Obama is leading among other presidential candidates. Felsen (2007) quoted his speech as follows: As President, I will develop a Shared Security Partnership Program to make an international intelligence and law enforcement infrastructure to take down terrorist networks from the remote islands of Indonesia, to the sprawling cities of Africa. This program will give $5 billion over three years for counter-terrorism cooperation with countries around the world, including information sharing, funding for training, operations, border security, anti-corruption programs, technology, and targeting terrorist financing. (1) Obama is so sure that this project will concentrate on aiding Americas partners succeed without repressive tactics. For him, brutality breeds terror, it does not defeat it (Felsen 1). (Counterargument, concession, refutation) However, Hillary Clinton questions the stand of Barack Obama on national security and foreign policy issue. Not only that, it was John McCain who lambasted him for saying that he would meet the President of Iran without preconditions, and that the said plan could endanger national security (Quaid 1). Quaid reported that McCain raised the specter of a leader Obama meeting with Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Quaid 1). In that sense, Obama is displaying a character of inexperience and reckless judgment in his plan to talk with supporter of terrorism. With respect to the issue on trade and economy, Obama is also mindful of the future of America. Barack Obama (2008) stated that: I know that America's free market has been the forerunner of America's great economic development. It created a progress that is the envy of the world. It led to a standard of living unmatched in history. And it has provided great rewards to the innovators and risk-takers who have made America a leader for science, and technology, and discovery. (1). In line with this, the plan of Obama was to give the middle class Americans tax relief (Obama 1). Obviously, he wants to make sure that the masses are given priority so that poverty and crisis at present time will no longer be a problem. What has been the basis of Obamas great faith in Americas capability to progress economically? Obama knows that trade with foreign nations should strengthen the American economy and give more American jobs (Obama 1). Surely, Obama will stand firm against agreements that undermine Americas economic security. He will go for a trade policy that provide engine for foreign markets to support good American jobs (Obama 1). He will also utilize trade agreements to proliferate good labor and environmental standards worldwide, dealing with different kinds of trade agreements as long as it does not become a surplus with other countries, some thing that will harm us economically, and stand firm against agreements like the Central American Free Trade Agreement that fail to stay tune in to those relevant benchmarks (Obama 1). There is one thing we should understand on this. Obama is trying to eliminate the system or pattern in our trade policy that aims to protect special interests, but betray our workers, our environment and our country as a whole. Another argument to strengthen the claim that Obama will become president is the brilliant plans of Obama to address on health care issue. For how many years, health care has been an ever-worsening problem in the United States. Essentially, Obama was a member of the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, and has made affordable, quality health care a top priority (Terry 1). He developed a system through Obama's Hospital Quality Report Card Act that would require hospitals to track and report on their quality of care, including safety and timeliness on treatment and services, thus providing consumers higher choice and the information needed to make important healthcare decisions (Terry 1). Aside from that, Obama also plans to proposed the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Efficiency Act in order to combat medical errors and excessive costs due to outdated technology (Terry 1). In fact Terry (2007) wrote that: Obamas website enumerated some surprising facts about children's exposure to lead poisoning that has inspired him to introduce two bills to address the issue, that is the Lead Poisoning Reduction Act and Lead Free Toys Act. These are the aims to reduce the large amount of lead as discovered in many childcare centers and children's toys. (1) In connection with that, Obama is aware that poor community planning can endanger children and citizens through lack of sidewalks and safe places to play. That is why Obama's Healthy Places Act requires communities to check how new projects and policies would endanger the health of community members (Terry 1). Obama is also active in preventing men from AIDS (Terry 1). Thus, his solutions for health care problems are ready to be implemented. Simply, Obama planned to cover uninsured Americans under a quality, affordable and portable coverage for all (Health Care). It also includes mandatory coverage for children in particular. Next argument is the strength of Obamas stand on the issue of crime. Two of the most famous presidential were giving their comments about death penalty. As a bakgorunder, Egelko (2008) wrote that: When Hillary Rodham Clinton announced her campaign for the Senate in 2000, she declared - emphatically, according to an interviewer - that she supported the death penalty.When Barack Obama first ran for the Illinois state Senate in 1996, he said in a campaign questionnaire that he opposed capital punishment. (1) To interpret that, their positions seemed to show their political roots - Clinton, the moderate "New Democrat," a term she has used to describe herself and Barack Obama, the insurgent who got his start as a community organizer. Moreover, if we could still remember, by the time Obama ran for the U.S. Senate in 2004, he was not advocating abolition of the death penalty. But at that time, he was saying the system of investigating and prosecuting capital crimes was so flawed that the nation should declare a change on executions (Egelko 1). Egelko pointed out that Barack Obama has changed his mind and abandoned that position as a senator. Since then, he receives the death penalty for the most heinous crimes, and calls for reforms like those he worked for in Illinois to guard against wrongful convictions, such as the tape-recording of all police interrogations (Egelko 1). That would only mean that Barack Obama is a resilient and versatile politician, thinking only of what could be the best solution to any kind of problems. That is how strong the candidacy of Barack Obama. On the issue of climate, Obama is a champion defender of the environment. His main argument about the issue was that, he does not believe that climate change is just an issue that is convenient to bring up during a campaign (Obama 1). Furthermore, Obama (2008) said that: I believe that the issue on climate change is one of the greatest moral challenges of our generation. That is why I have fought successfully in the Senate to increase our investment in renewable fuels, that is to effectively use natural resources like sunlight, wind, rain and others. (1) His main concern then, is to come up with plan to rise our fuel standard. He wants oil companies to be supported in retooling their factories, on the exchange that but they will have to make cars that use less oil (Obama 1). Obama is good in determining the problem and its solution. Obama (2008) pointed out that: In America, the 20-million-barrel-a-day oil habit costs our economy $1.4 billion a day, and $500 billion in 2006 alone. Every single hour, we use $41 million on foreign oil. The result is that, glaciers are melting faster; the polar ice caps are shrinking; trees are blooming earlier; more people are dying in heat waves; species are migrating, and eventually many will become extinct. (1) The awareness of Obama on this issue will help him in going over it as soon as he will be chosen as president. Climate change will be one of his priorities. Lastly, on the issue concerning education, Barack is so much anxious to have a reform in Americas educational system. It was Green who wrote: Obamas long list of educational reforms he is in favor of, ranging from increased access to Advanced Placement courses to expanding summer school programs are being developed. Generally, the common thread in his educational positions is his belief that school funding must be increased in all aspects of education. (1) With that, Obama is in support of extending the Head Start preschool program for poor children, and voted to reauthorize the program earlier this summer (Green 1). Obama was also in the Illinois State Senate when its preschool program for low-income children was instated (Green 1). I am sure, that is what America wants for a leader. As a conclusion, it is still certain that the political plans and propaganda of Barack Obama reflects his willingness to serve his fellow Americans. His approach is highly focused for the economic and social development of America. Barack Obama has also the charisma of a political leader that can undeniably attract more support from other leaders and the American people in general. Apparently, his desire to wage a war that has to be won reflects his capability to address and solve problems of terrorism and place America in its safest and finest pedestal. Barack Obama simply believes that the United States of America will always remain a leader in terms of economic, cultural, and social aspects around the world. Finally, we all know that Barack Obama would make the best United States president. With all the arguments stated earlier, it is respectfully submitted that Obama projects a personality of a politician that thinks only for general welfare and not self interests alone. His political will magnifies his willingness to lead America with all his knowledge and capability. Works Cited Egelko, Bob. Where Candidates Stand On Crime, Death Penalty. 10, February 2008. San Francisco Chronicle. Green, Elizabeth. Where do the candidates stand on education? Barack Obama on Education. Obama 2008: Economy. 2008. Obama 2008. Obama 2008. Health Care. 2008. Obama 2008. Obama 2008: Energy. 2008. Obama 2008. Terry, Alisa. Where Does Barack Obama Stand on the Issues? Quaid, Libby. McCain Hammers Obama on National Security. 20 May 2008. Yahoo News.

American medical care Essays

American medical care Essays American medical care Essay American medical care Essay These early immigrants survived the rough times and hard American clime every bit good as the wilderness on crude basic inherent aptitudes. The early colonies were frequently ravaged by famishment and disease. During the colonial epoch. doctors’ instruction was informal. Most were literate. but some who were raised outside of New England were non. A adult male who wanted to pattern medical specialty did non necessitate any type of enfranchisement. Most did hold a period of apprenticeship with an established doctor. but even this was non a demand. Up until the late nineteenth century. really few physicians had a college instruction. Medical installations were unofficial. Most patients were treated in their places. However. even the smallest towns had poorhouses. where destitute people could populate and have limited medical attention. The few infirmaries that opened in North America during the colonial period were opened in topographic points like Quebec and New Orleans. Public wellness was unknown in North America at this clip. Towns and metropoliss did non hold boards of wellness except during times of epidemics. Because most topographic points did non hold public H2O or sewer systems. most Americans got their H2O from pumps and used privies until good into the nineteenth century. There was no trash aggregation so the streets became a genteelness land for all types of disease. There were a few efforts to act upon public wellness. For illustration. when smallpox inoculations were developed in the eighteenth century. many little town physicians had groups of people that had to remain quarantined for a few yearss to do certain they merely developed a mild instance of variola. Remedies may hold killed more people than the diseases themselves. The populace developed a really disbelieving attitude towards regular physicians. In the early nineteenth century. the bash it yourself attitude of many Americans was popular. These people freely gave medical advice. emphasized the participant of the patient in his or her ain intervention. However. other medical treatments were available besides. Probably snake oil is best remembered. Andrew Taylor Still started the pattern of osteopathy. Osteopathy incorporated bodily uses. similar to those seen in modern chiropractics. In osteopathy. these uses affected the magnetic flow of energy in the organic structure. Osteopathy discouraged usage of medical specialties. but did non prohibit them. Another reaction against epic medical specialty was homeopathy. A university-trained German physician named Samuel Hahnemann started it. Heinemann said that physicians were giving their patients excessively much medical specialty. He believed that bantam sums of drugs should be diluted in H2O before being given to a patient and that practicians should take really thorough medical histories of each patient. Quackery was a manner to gull people into believing they were being cured while doing money from them. Quackery had even been licensed in London. but it was wholly ignored by the America authorities for 100s of old ages. Hydropathy was another particular instance. The mending power of H2O. hydrotherapy indicated the value of the remainder remedy. importance of holding like-minded people around. the utility of light exercising and the fact that adult females who wore baggy vesture by and large felt better and had fewer physical ailments than the 1s who did. Another particular instance is the full issue of faith-only healing. While empirical grounds in favour of faith-only healing is missing. anecdotal grounds suggests that some people who pray do experience self-generated lessening of certain diseases. The late nineteenth century saw major alterations in medical specialty in the United States. Medicine went from being mediaeval to integrating many elements of modern scientific discipline. The progresss in chemical science. and biological science had major impacts on medical specialty. As medical practicians began to understand that the organic structure was comprised of basic chemicals and non cryptic wits. effectual interventions for diseases and hurts were developed. As medical specialty became more scientific. physicians needed both preparation and licensing. In 1847. Dr. Nathan Davis founded the American Medical Association ( AMA ) in Philadelphia to assist make professional criterions for physicians and put minimum educational demands. Medical colleges opened up across the state. increasing demands from a few months without any college background to a figure of old ages with a college grade. However. these colleges provided an highly unpredictable degree of medical instruction. with some of them a sheepskin and others provided a to notch medical instruction. As American metropoliss exploded in size during the nineteenth century due to in-migration from Europe. public wellness became more of an issue. With many 100s of 1000s of people populating in metropoliss: highly crowded. insanitary conditions ; TB was frequently at epidemic degrees in the metropoliss. During the nineteenth century. people understood that TB was non caused by miasma. but was caused by bacteriums. Peoples with TB were sometimes sent out of the metropolis to topographic points in the state. where the cleaner air seemed to assist their recovery. It was obvious that people needed clean H2O for imbibing. and bathing. So metropoliss started monolithic cloaca undertakings to assist convey clean H2O into the metropoliss while taking effluent from the metropolis. Dead animate being remains and refuse littered the street until the late 1800s when metropoliss started sanitation crews to take the rubbish out of town and mopess to travel the waste to. Many metropoliss started dispensaries so the hapless could have intervention and medicines for low cost. With the urban population detonation. the poorhouses ( likely today’s HMO Urgent Care’ ) became even larger and harder to pull off. With new medical progresss. people needed to be in large metropoliss to have certain types of intervention. Americans began to construct infirmaries across the state in the nineteenth century. The new infirmaries were by and large cleaner than the old poorhouses.

Oil and Gas Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Oil and Gas Management - Essay Example Another basic form of unconventional methods is the conversion of coal and gas using synthetic fuel techniques and advanced technology. Unconventional methods of drilling oil are still in their beginning phase and have come out of the need by the advanced nations to cater for the demand and balance it with the supply for continuous use. However, these methods have had their possible dangers especially to human health and the impacts to the environment.Conventional or otherwise the traditional methods pose enormous losses and environmental impacts on the subjects. Firstly, they destroy the formation of the earth’s crust and core. The drilling of the well to create room for exerting pressure so as to extract the oil is by itself noise pollution and especially to the people living around the mining sites and more so to those undertaking the drilling works (Boesch and Rabalais, 2000, p.117). Potential environmental disasters arise in the sense that there are threats posed to the w ildlife living nearby that has to flee to create room for the drilling process; displacement. This, in turn, threatens the survival of wildlife and especially with the availability of predators thus causing the extinction of some species. Drilling requires broad land occupation and the possible environmental impacts would be the release of harmful air into the environment, contamination of groundwater from uncontrolled gas, fluids and spills and even uncontrolled waste discharges and leakages.

United States History up to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United States History up to 1877 - Essay Example Correspondingly, young girls were the chief accusers involved in demonstrating against various people for numerous offenses comprising practice of witchcraft. The leaders in the community promptly reacted to these accusation. As a consequence, many people were killed while certain other people were jailed which forced these people to acquire debt for jail charges. Eventually, as a consequence of this incident there was a loss of land along with hampering dignity of people as well as loss of lives (Linder 1-7). The incident of witch hunt in Salem is ascertained to have happened due to various reasons and was widely prejudiced by the dread of the devil and the generally accepted belief that the devil would allocate witches with power to hurt people as a reward of their faithfulness. Salem was established by puritans during 1628. This era also reflected the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Under the regime of King Charles I, the puritans were granted with a royal approval to colonize the area. However, Charles II revoked this charter in 1684 responding to the violation of charter rules by the colonists. These violations were mainly executed against the laws related with beliefs, religion and discrimination against Anglicans. These factors mainly represented the governmental causes behind the upheaval of the Salem witch trials. It can be argued that there were many other social and cultural factors that had significantly contributed towards the occurrence of Salem witch trials. In this regard, gender issue can be ascertained to be one of the major constituents related with the occurrence of Salem witch trials. Responsively, many scholars propounded that a majority of the victims who were accused and executed for practicing witchcraft were women. It has been further determined that the victims involving women were the ones who were perceived as â€Å"not fit into the typical Puritan framework of a good and obedient wife†

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Company law - Essay Example ision in good faith and for meaningful purpose Transaction with other company should not reflect personal gains To inform other members of the board concerning the transaction to seek their confidence. Decision should be rational and in the best interest of the company. The above requirements are to be fulfilled by the directors in order to satisfy the statutory duty of care and due diligence6. Business judgment In accordance with the section 134 of the Corporations Act, the upper and the bottom layers of the management should respect the provisions of the Corporations Act and the constitution of the company. The company in its own discretion can have one or more replaceable rules contained in the Corporations Act in place of Constitution. In accordance with Section 140(1) (b) of the constitution and replaceable rules have the direct bearing on a Contract that executes between the company, each director and secretary. Under the mentioned scenario each one agrees to abide by the const itution and the rules in vogue7. Here we can take example of Turquand’s case, according to which, an agent belonging to the company can make a contract without any authority, which is not in knowledge of the outsider. A rule is settled that ensures the protection of outsiders until and unless the security of company is not at stake8. Another case Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct Mail Advertising Co Pty Ltd can be taken as an example to show that a person who lacks actual authority cannot be entered into a contract on behalf of the company and prior approval is required for entering into a contract by some person having actual authority not apparent one9. Sixty-Fourth Throne Pty Ltd v Macquarie Bank Limited [1998] 3 VR 133 is another example where Kandy used authority of... The Corporations Act is an important legislation passed by the legislators that governs the companies in Australia. It deals with the issues of formation and operation of companies in line with the constitution of the company; determine responsibilities of officers, process of acquisitions, mergers and fundraising.Directors should not deploy themselves in a critical position where they are unable to serve in the best interest of the organization. This inclusive of entering into commercial transactions with other entities where one cannot take decisive part in making a decision for the company. With regard to protect the rights of shareholders in case of oppressive changes in the Constitution by the Board of Directors, we may invoke the provision of section 994 of the Companies Act. According to which â€Å"A member of a company may apply to the court for an order on the ground that the company's affairs are being run or have been conducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to the interests of its members generally or of some part of its members† .The mentioned section in fact protects the interest of the minority shareholders in circumstances where the majority shareholders act in a way which is detrimental to the interests of minority shareholders. Moreover, in view the effective role of the Central Bank of Malaysia and the Security Commission of Malaysia, the chances of jeopardizing the interest of shareholders are diminished.

Importance of Stakeholders in Curriculum Development

Importance of Stakeholders in Curriculum Development Curriculum development requires the input of different stakeholders such as teachers, school heads, parents, community members, students, district administrators and school boards. The role of the teachers involves defining different course components that are considered relevant, in line with the latest technological development in the education sector. In addition to developing the curriculum, teachers help in executing the curriculum development findings. Teachers continuously contribute to the development of school curriculums by developing periodic course teaching plans and giving consideration to the special needs of the students (Dillon, 2009). Therefore, having a good curriculum without the input of teachers cannot help in achieving the learning objectives and goals. Although modern technology is quickly finding its root into the education system, teachers still remain at the center of the students learning progress. In other words technology must be integrated into the curri culum but it cannot provide a perfect substitute for the roles played by teachers in curriculum development and the general learning process. The other important group of stakeholders is the school administrators. Their role in curriculum implementation cannot be underestimated since they are the people that monitor the implementation of the curriculum. In addition, they employ teachers (in the case of private schools). Furthermore, they are responsible for purchasing learning materials which is an essential requirement in curriculum implementation. In other words, school administrators may influence the extent to which the school curriculum is implemented by regulating the release of the necessary learning resources. The school administrators may get information from teachers, students and even the community regarding the success of the curriculum implementation process. In addition, they can also employ the services of professional to evaluate the performance of the curriculum. The parents on the other hand support and influence the implementation of the curriculum through financial resources, that is, payment of school fees. In addition, the parents may help in monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the curriculum by keeping a close check at the lessons learnt in school and monitoring the childs home assignments (homework). Moreover, the parent may stand in the gap between the child and school administration by providing the student with resources that may be required in the curriculum but are not available in school. Furthermore, the parents may help teachers to monitor the behavior and social development of the child, especially for children with special education needs. The parents can get reliable information on curriculum development by enquiring from their children or by enquiring from the teachers or school administrators. In addition, professionals such as psychologists and social workers may offer contribution on the various ways of dealing with students with special needs. For instance, professional counselors may provide various useful options of dealing with student of foreign origin or those with disabilities. Community members can assist the school administration in the implementation of the curriculum by co-operating and providing the necessary resources that may not be available in the school setting but are found within the community setting. In addition, the community members can also volunteer and act as school board members. Other stake holders in the curriculum development include the government and the professional regulation commission that provides license to graduates of different colleges and universities. Professionals and community members can source information on curriculum development and progress from government reports on the performance of schools or by enquiring from teacher s, students and school administrators. Organization of Various Curriculum Development Stake Holders The parents are usually organized into parent association. All parents are required to register with the relevant parents association where they are required to democratically elect their leaders. The parents, through this association, give their views regarding the curriculum development to the district curriculum development team. The relevant professional body such as the district association of professional counselors and psychologists, through their advisory boards, also provides their recommendations and suggestions in the curriculum development process. On the other hand, teachers have organized themselves into curriculum drafting and evaluation teams. Such teams are usually charged with the responsibility of drafting, evaluating and amending the curriculum in line with the latest technological development in the education sector. In addition, the teachers curriculum teams are also involved in the evaluation of the output of the curriculum. The various groups work well because there exists a systematic way of engaging every stake holder in the curriculum development process. First and fore most, the teachers and the curriculum development leaders provide guidance and opinions regarding what should form the content of the curriculum. Because students spend most of their learning hours with the teachers, it is assumed that teachers understand the unique academic and social needs of the students better. The teachers start by analyzing the current curriculum, that is, the strengths and weaknesses and possible areas that needs to be amended. Thereafter, opinions from the parents, community leaders and other stake holders are considered before a final draft of the curriculum is compiled. The parents curriculum development team consists of all the members of the parents association teams. However, such parents are required to register with the district curriculum development committee before their views could be considered as valid. The members of the parents team are given the mandate to choose their leadership. Through the parents leadership team, their opinions are sought and taken into consideration by the district curriculum development team. Similarly, the professional counselors association is given the mandate to elect their leaders. However, the leadership of the professional bodies supporting the curriculum development process must be approved by the district curriculum development committee. This is because professional bodies acts as advisory agents on major policy issues related to curriculum development in schools. Therefore, the district curriculum development team must ensure that such professional bodies are led by a credible team. In addition, such professional bodies work closely with the teachers and curriculum development leaders during the evaluation of the curriculum and academic performance. Other community members such as community administrators and religious leaders are also answerable to the district curriculum development team. Such community leaders must however be registered for their concerns to be given attention by the curriculum development team. They are also required to elect their leaders through which their contributions are channeled to the district curriculum development team. In addition to the reports obtained from the various groups of stakeholders in the curriculum development process, the district curriculum development team organizes a curriculum development forum every year where all members of the public are welcome to participate. Such a forum is aimed at collecting information and concerns that may not have been handled by the existing and participating curriculum development stakeholders. In addition, the district curriculum development team has put in place structures that ensure that information flows from the various stake holders to the district curriculum team in an orderly manner. Although the development of the curriculum is the responsibility of all the stake holder (the parents, teachers, community members, members of professional bodies and the school administration), the execution or implementation of the curriculum is often left to the district curriculum development team, headed by the district director of curriculum, in collaborati on with teachers and school administration. Designing a Structure for Stakeholder Involvement In Curriculum Work The designing of a comprehensive structure for stakeholder involvement in curriculum work entails a careful consideration of various factors that contributes to effective learning process both inside and outside the classrooms. Because the size of my district is considerably large with a student population of 13,000, the curriculum development team must considerably be large in order to effectively represent the big student population. The leader of the district curriculum development team would be the district curriculum director who will be charged with the responsibility of chairing all the curriculum development committees as well as providing general direction and leadership in the curriculum development process in the district. In addition, there would be a curriculum director who shall deputize the district curriculum director and would help him/her in discharging his/her duties. The district curriculum development team would also comprise other curriculum development specialists in every subject area such as mathematics and science. Such curriculum specialists would help the district curriculum director in making important decisions during the curriculum development process. The district curriculum development team would seek information and fully engage professionals, parents, the community and other relevant stakeholders when designing the school curriculum. The district curriculum development team would organize for a curriculum development research week every year in which a continuous data collection and evaluation of curriculum in schools would be evaluated. Interview Questions The planned interview with the district curriculum director made the day unique. The interview, as scheduled, commenced at noon and took about three hours, ending at around three oclock in the afternoon. The material day for the interview was 2nd January, 2013. As the chief academic researcher in the district, responsible for careers and student development in high schools, the information from the interviewee, the district curriculum director and the findings of the interview would be very important in helping me to understand the role of different stakeholders in the curriculum development process. The first question of the interview was about the defining elements of a good curriculum. I found that putting focus on the academic development of the student was a key element in developing an effective student centered curriculum. The district curriculum director explained that all the stake holders including teachers, school heads and other professionals in the curriculum development process must put the student at the center of every step in curriculum development. In addition the curriculum director explained the importance of having in place a comprehensive curriculum leadership for a successful execution and implementation of the curriculum objectives. The director mentioned two main types of curriculum leadership, that is, static or managerial curriculum leadership and a dynamic kind of curriculum leadership. He went further to explain that static curriculum leaders try to produce a certain level of predictability and routine in the day to day operations of the school. On the other hand, a dynamic kind of curriculum leadership entails a continuous process of integrating critical thinking and modern technology in the development of a visionary and goal oriented curriculum. However, the director was quick to emphasize on the need to continuously focus on aligning the curriculum to suit the modern technologically advanced world, that is, employing the dynamic kind of curriculum leadership for the realization of a learner centered and progress oriented curriculum. He explained that although teachers and school heads enjoy independence in disseminating knowledge, they must remain conscious to the dynamic work place environments and information communication technology so that the learners may be effectively packaged to adapt to the technological dynamics of the modern world. The second question of the interview session was about which groups of people or stakeholders should be involved in the curriculum development process. The director stated that a good school curriculum should cover all aspects of learning, including academic, social and physical aspects. Therefore, all relevant groups of professionals and stakeholders should be involved in the development of a curriculum that meets the expectation of both the students and the community. He added that parents, teachers, school heads, social workers, psychologists and the community should all be involved in the curriculum development process. In addition, he pointed out the need to address the interest of students with special needs when developing the curriculum. For instance, students of foreign origin or those with disability must be accorded special consideration and care in their learning endeavor. However, the director noted that the curriculum development leader must be competent when coordinating and organizing various ideas into a comprehensive curriculum development policy statement. The other question of the interview was about how to gauge the effectiveness of a good school curriculum, that is, how to assess whether the curriculum is centered on the needs of the learner. Achieving a fruitful learning experience, he posed, should be the main objective of any curriculum developer or curriculum leader. In other words, the strength of a good curriculum development does not lie in the number of policy statements it contains but it does lie in the ultimate classroom experience gained by the learner. In response to the question that was seeking a clarification on the best method to engage the input of all teachers in the curriculum development process, the district curriculum director explained that a new method of training some teachers to be curriculum development leaders is quickly gaining acceptance. Such an approach ensures that those teachers who have undergone such training shares the skills with their colleagues hence effectively disseminating curriculum devel opment skills to all teachers. The findings of the interview were found to be in line with the class readings. For instance, Wiles (2008), explains the importance of curriculum development leadership in the development of a good curriculum. He further pointed out that static curriculum leadership entails the maintenance of all the programs that are already in place. In addition, he emphasized that curriculum leadership should target the impartation of specific, knowledge, attitude and behaviors for students and at the same time help in engineering the school programs to achieve all important aspects of the learning process. Wiles added that curriculum developers should embrace change as an essential variable in the curriculum development process. In other words, curriculum development should be the principle guide to all other activities carried out in the school program. As pointed out in the interview, a more advanced approach to curriculum development where some teachers pursue special training in curriculum development and thereafter work closely with colleagues is gaining momentum. Such an approach is more effective since the curriculum leaders work both as teachers and curriculum developers (Wiles, 2008). In addition, a good curriculum development team must include teachers, community leaders and parents as analyzed during the interview. Furthermore, for the curriculum to be managed effectively there must be a detailed plan showing the time periods within which various curriculum targets are to be achieved and the roles of every participant in the curriculum development and management process. Tallerico (2012) emphasizes on the need of curriculum development leaders to provide direction .Furthermore, the curriculum leader must continuously monitor and review the outcome of the curriculum management and where possible draw up a control program. In general, the interview findings informed me on the importance of an effective curriculum in the execution of learning objectives. In addition, a dynamic approach to curriculum development is more suitable for a learner centered curriculum development because such an approach takes into account the modern technological advancement when developing the curriculum (Dillon, 2009). Furthermore, the interview informed me of the need to involve parents, teachers, school heads, the community and all other stakeholders in the curriculum development process. In addition, the interview findings further stressed on the need to have a continuous evaluation framework that helps in analyzing the success of the developed school curriculum in satisfying the learners needs.

Chivalry :: essays research papers

Chivalry We live in an age where the brutality and the vigilante justice of the knight errant is no longer acceptable for people with positions of stature in society. While courage and honor are still praised by society, one rarely finds a man true to his word regardless of cost. Chivalry towards ladies is sometimes mistakenly decried by those supporting equality for women. And Courtly love, in it's modern form, is frowned upon. Those who might have a keen sense of justice often have only indirect methods of fighting for the right -- legislation just can never be as satisfying as clouting a knave over the head with the flat of a blade. It seems that justice in American society is often tempered by compromise, rather than a blacksmith. Skill at arms is more often attained as an exercise, rather than a useful tool, and strength of body, while glamorized, is degraded by large numbers of "men of the mind." Chivalry is a lot like ethics; it is a governing principle concerning fair play as far as medieval combat among your peers was concerned. Do not attack an unarmed knight - allow him to arm himself first, if you unhorse your opponent and your opponent is still able to fight, get off your horse to fight, etc. - fair play with honor and respect. At the end, there still was a winner, and the winner ended up with more respect and admiration from those concerned that had he fought without chivalry. What am I getting at? Capitalism can be much the same way. American businesses have taken advantage of this system though, a system that one can cheat in and get away with, instead of being honorable and respectable institutions that children could look up to. So many things are like this that I just shake my head and sigh when I think about them - is American just a scam? Where did all the honor and respect go? In "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," Gawain made a promise to the huntsman to give him whatever gifts he received that day in exchange for whatever gifts the huntsman received that day. On the third and final day of Sir Gawain's visit, he received a green girdle from the huntsman's wife, who was his secret lover. The only reason that he accepted it was because he, like Lancelot, had fear in his heart; only Gawain's fear was dying. The huntsman's wife told Gawain that the girdle had magic powers and would protect him from his fate, for the next day Gawain was going to fulfill a promise that he had made to

Economic Recession in Ireland 2007-2012

â€Å"Ireland’s Great Recession. † The Irish Economy, 2007-2012. The title of this essay, â€Å"Ireland’s great recession,† refers to the Irish economy from 2007-2012. From my research into this essay, I found that the Irish economy of this period could be referred to as â€Å"The Great Depression. † There are parallel similarities to the Irish economy now as experienced in America in the 1920’s. This essay will examine what a recession is, why Ireland is in a recession, the effects and face of the recession, and my own personal views on the crisis.Not a day goes by when you don’t hear stories of â€Å"doom and gloom† in relation to Ireland’s economic state of affairs. Everybody you talk to has someone belonging to them or knows someone who has had to emigrate. Australia has replaced America as the land of hope and dreams, as thousands flock our shores in search of a better life. Within the country recession has not only resulted in mass emigration. Internally people are struggling to repay their mortgages because of the housing collapse. Wages have been cut and taxes have been increased. Disposable income for many a non-entity.Ireland was the first EU country to declare itself officially in recession in August 2008. We are the second EU country to have a structural adjustment programme imposed by the IMF/ECB/EU, known as ‘the Troika’. The turnaround of the Irish economy has been dramatic – from one with the highest levels of GDP and employment growth to among those with the highest unemployment, emigration and debt levels across the EU – in the space of just a few short years. The recession has affected everybody, young and old. We are in a time where we have to cut spending in order to meet our EU obligations.The financial crisis that sparked the recession and collapse of our banking system is the most serious problem that we face. The Calm before the Storm- The Celtic T iger Years(1995-2007) â€Å"The Celtic Tiger† was a term used to describe the boom years which our economy went through from around 1995-2007. UK economist Kevin Gardiner coined the term â€Å"Celtic Tiger†, comparing Ireland's unexpected economic take-off to the Asian tiger economies. Many believe the foundations of the Celtic Tiger were laid in the 1990’s in a Dublin pub called Nesbitts.It was here that politicians, economists and civil servants met to discuss future government policies. It was agreed that the government of the day should cut taxes, lower interest rates, reduce import duties which would encourage foreign investment. It was later referred to as the â€Å"Doheny & Nesbitt School of Economics. † Our generous corporation tax of 12. 5% enticed foreign investment into the country. The fact that Ireland was a member of the European Union since 1973 helped enormously. The EU pumped vast amounts of money into infrastructure and grants especially in the agricultural sector.It meant a single currency and free trade within the EU. Ireland had an open economy where trade was promoted and thrived, especially in the area of exports. Ireland has a workforce that is highly educated and attracted further investment especially from high-tech and pharmaceutical industries. As the economy started to grow so did immigration into the country, as there was lots of work particularly in the construction industry. There was a surge in demand for housing and as a result this triggered the housing boom. Banks were encouraging customers to borrow as there were low interest rates.Property prices began to rise and many people sought property as a form of investment not just as a home. Property developers became millionaires over night as a result of the property boom. People in Ireland began living lavish lifestyles and in a lot of cases had lost the run of themselves. Collapse of the World Financial Market On the 15th of September, 2008 Lehman Brothers, one of America Largest Investment Banks in the USA, declared itself bankrupt. Major panic broke out on the inter-bank loan market as a result.As share prices declined, many large and well established investment and commercial banks in the United States and Europe suffered huge losses and even faced bankruptcy, resulting in massive financial assistance. Ireland is a very small fish in a big pond. Ireland is an open economy and our banks, like our businesses, trade with other banks. Irish Banks borrowed huge sums of money on credit from foreign banks. Our main source of repayment was taxes through our construction industry. What resulted was a domino effect; when one major bank fell the others in turn throughout America and the EU started to fall.Governments stepped in pumping billions into their banks to save them. The collapse of the world financial markets triggered the recession but some countries suffered a lot worse than others. Ireland is one of those countries, becau se Ireland borrowed beyond their means but mainly to support the purchase of private property. Recessionary Times A recession is a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters: (oxford Dictionary) GDP is made up of private consumption, government spending, investments and exports-imports.A recession is typically accompanied by a drop in the stock market, an increase in unemployment, and a decline in the housing market. It is also a term that people refer to when there is on-going hardships that people face in their daily lives. In recessionary times people have little disposable income and money is more often spent on necessity items like food and clothing, whereas luxury goods are beyond reach for many. Banks The crash of our banking system was the biggest cause of our country going into recession. Our banks lent recklessly when times were good.Loans were given to people without consideration. People within the banking system were paid bonuses the more they lent. Most people seeking these loans did not meet international regulations. The banks misguided thousands of ordinary people by giving these loans for enormous amounts, knowing that they realistically could not afford repayments. During the Celtic Tiger period of growth, capital to finance Ireland’s boom was raised in the interbank market, typically on a three-month basis, but with repayment not expected until two or three years later.When Irish property values went into decline and the freezing-up of the world's interbank market in 2007, it was certain by the start of 2008 that the Irish banking system would have great difficulty in financing its day-to-day operations. This trading difficulty, and inadequate supervision by the regulatory body, led to a series of government interventions, starting with a Bank guarantee in September 2008. It is nearly four years since the fateful night o f September 29th/30th 2008 when the Irish government guaranteed the key financial liabilities of our biggest banks.That decision has dominated national politics since then. For the economic and political consequences of that decision are immense. Since 2008, Irish taxpayers have invested â‚ ¬64. 1 billion into our banks. In addition to that direct investment, we have also indirectly invested a further â‚ ¬6 billion through NAMA (National Account Management Agency). That was the estimate given by the Controller and Auditor General, in May this year. He reported that NAMA had paid Irish banks â‚ ¬32 billion for loans that were, in fact, worth only â‚ ¬26 billion. In total then, we have already pumped â‚ ¬70. billion into our ailing banks. That’s the equivalent of â‚ ¬46,700 for every person working full-time. It’s a second mortgage that we didn’t want and can barely afford. And we mightn’t be finished yet in terms of how much money we have to pump into the banks. As of December last, the balance sheets of the three main Irish banks (AIB, Bank of Ireland and Irish Life & Permanent) showed a book value of their loans of â‚ ¬218 billion. But the banks’ own aggregate estimate of the fair value of those loans was only â‚ ¬181 billion, some â‚ ¬37 billion below their balance sheet carrying value.That suggests further heavy loan losses to come. Construction Industry During the boom years, demand for housing increased. It increased as a result of many factors: population growth, investments, tax breaks and low interest rates. As a result of this demand there was a rapid growth in housing and house prices began to soar. â€Å"The TSB/ESRI Index reveals that national prices increased at an average pace of almost 15% per annum between the years of 1997-2006, resulting in a cumulative increase of 240% over this period. † (class notes) Ireland tried to grow its economy inward through construction.It did so but there was too much emphasis put on construction. There was far too many people employed in the construction sector and there was an over reliance on construction industry alone to grow our economy. â€Å"Around 330,000 jobs have been lost since employment peaked in 2007, with the construction industry accounting for more than half of this total. † (class notes) Inflation of Egos Whether you are a banker, builder or bus driver it seemed that everyone had a second car and second home during the Celtic Tiger years.Having a little place in the sun seemed the norm. However thunder storms have emerged since the recession. People were running up massive debts in a society gone mad. People were borrowing beyond their means with banks only too happy to oblige. While people must be responsible for the choices they make, perhaps the banks, the so called experts in finance should have been more responsible. Everybody jumped on the band wagon; some builders built houses too quickly, c heaply and not following safety regulations. Priory Hall) Tradesmen were demanding and receiving vast sums of money for their work. According to Ronan Lyons an Economist in Oxford University, a recession becomes a depression when you have a fall in GDP by more than 10%. He has compared both job losses in the USA in the 1920’s to that of Ireland now. The results are striking. As the graph below shows, Ireland’s situation closely resembles the Great Depression. (Lyons ,2012) Irish GDP has fallen recording a peak to trough fall of 12. 4% (Class Notes) ConclusionAs I said earlier Ireland is a small fish in a big pond. The majority of people like to point the finger at the last government as I would, but not as strongly as others. Our last Government had a part to play. However there was a world-wide recession and we would have suffered economically as a result as every country has within the EU. I believe however that our last government could have done some of the followi ng; regulate the banks so they would not lend recklessly, re invests elsewhere in the economy for growth when times were good.There was an over reliance on construction to feed the economy. They could have increased interest rates to bring down inflation therefore slowing the economy. The government could have closed Anglo Irish Bank- Anglo is mainly a commercial bank with little customers in Ireland. This would have saved Irish taxpayers in the region of 30 billion euros. Our current government promised not to make the same mistakes of our previous government in their pre-election manifestos.They now tell us they are locked by the terms of the EU/IMF bailout. Can our government not re-negotiate a deal? Can they not tell Europe that further cuts cannot be put in place if we are to see growth in our economy in the long term? Germany only in the last couple of years repaid there debt after the Second World War. Ireland unlike many of its European counterparts is meeting the terms of t he agreement. We keep hearing how good a nation we are and that we are a success story, and the measures that we are taking in reducing debt.We are receiving a pat on the back from our German friends, but is this a pat on the back, or a further shove into the quick sand that we are already standing in? Is it a sign of success that young Irish people are emigrating, that the dole queues are getting longer? It is a success that the people of Ireland will be in debt for years to come? Recently Enda Kenny was on the cover of Time magazine under the caption â€Å"Celtic Comeback†. Great people like Einstein have also graced the cover of this famous magazine. So too has BART SIMPSON†¦